The Remarkable Human-Like Complexity of Dogs’ Digestive, Immune, and Cognitive Systems The intricate systems within dogs, particularly their digestive, immune, and cognitive functions, exhibit a remarkable similarity to those of humans. This similarity not only underscores the deep bond shared between dogs and their human companions but also highlights the potential of dogs as models for understanding human physiology and disease. This article delves into the scientific underpinnings of these systems, exploring how they mirror human biology and what this means for both species. Digestive System: A Tale of Omnivorous Adaptation Dogs possess a digestive system that is notably similar to that of humans, reflecting their omnivorous diet. This system is designed to process a variety of foods, from proteins to carbohydrates, efficiently. The dog’s stomach, like that of humans, produces digestive enzymes such as pepsinogen, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, which are crucial for breaking down proteins. However, dogs have a more acidic stomach environment, enabling them to digest bone matter and tougher food items more effectively than humans.  The small intestine, where nutrient absorption occurs, is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. This structure is comparable to that of humans, although dogs have a shorter intestinal tract, […]